ERT meaning in Academic & Science ?

Answer:

What is Electrical Resistance Tomography mean?

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive type of medical imaging in which the electrical conductivity, permittivity, and impedance of a part of the body is inferred from surface electrode measurements and used to form a tomographic image of that part. Electrical conductivity varies considerably among various biological tissues (absolute EIT) or the movement of fluids and gases within tissues (difference EIT). The majority of EIT systems apply small alternating currents at a single frequency, however, some EIT systems use multiple frequencies to better differentiate between normal and suspected abnormal tissue within the same organ (multifrequency-EIT or electrical impedance spectroscopy).

Typically, conducting surface electrodes are attached to the skin around the body part being examined. Small alternating currents will be applied to some or all of the electrodes, the resulting equi-potentials being recorded from the other electrodes (figures 1 and 2). This process will then be repeated for numerous different electrode configurations and finally result in a two-dimensional tomogram according to the image reconstruction algorithms incorporated.

Since free ion content determines tissue and fluid conductivity, muscle and blood will conduct the applied currents better than fat, bone or lung tissue. This property can be used to reconstruct static images by morphological or absolute EIT (a-EIT). However, in contrast to linear x-rays used in Computed Tomography, electric currents travel three dimensionally along the path of least resistivity. This means, that a part of the electric current leaves the transverse plane and results in an impedance transfer. This and other factors are the reason why image reconstruction in absolute EIT is so hard, since there is usually more than just one solution for image reconstruction of a three-dimensional area projected onto a two-dimensional plane.

Mathematically, the problem of recovering conductivity from surface measurements of current and potential is a non-linear inverse problem and is severely ill-posed. The mathematical formulation of the problem is due to Alberto Calderón, and in the mathematical literature of inverse problems it is often referred to as "Calderón's inverse problem" or the "Calderón problem". There is extensive mathematical research on the problem of uniqueness of solution and numerical algorithms for this problem.

Compared to the tissue conductivities of most other soft tissues within the human thorax, lung tissue conductivity is approximately five-fold lower, resulting in high absolute contrast. This characteristic may partially explain the amount of research conducted in EIT lung imaging. Furthermore, lung conductivity fluctuates intensely during the breath cycle which accounts for the immense interest of the research community to use EIT as a bedside method to visualize inhomogeneity of lung ventilation in mechanically ventilated patients. EIT measurements between two or more physiological states, e.g. between inspiration and expiration, are therefore referred to as time difference EIT (td-EIT).

Time difference EIT (td-EIT) has one major advantage over absolute EIT (a-EIT): inaccuracies resulting from interindividual anatomy, insufficient skin contact of surface electrodes or impedance transfer can be dismissed because most artifacts will eliminate themselves due to simple image subtraction in f-EIT. This is most likely the reason why, as of today, the greatest progress of EIT research has been achieved with difference EIT.

Further EIT applications proposed include detection/location of cancer in skin, breast, or cervix, localization of epileptic foci, imaging of brain activity. as well as a diagnostic tool for impaired gastric emptying. Attempts to detect or localize tissue pathology within normal tissue usually rely on multifrequency EIT (MF-EIT), also termed Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and are based on differences in conductance patterns at varying frequencies.

The invention of EIT as a medical imaging technique is usually attributed to John G. Webster and a publication in 1978, although the first practical realization of a medical EIT system was detailed in 1984 due to the work of David C. Barber and Brian H. Brown. Together, Brown and Barber published the first Electrical Impedance Tomogram in 1983, visualizing the cross section of a human forearm by absolute EIT. Even though there has been substantial progress in the meantime, most a-EIT applications are still considered experimental. However, two commercial f-EIT devices for monitoring lung function in intensive care patients have been introduced just recently.

A technique similar to EIT is used in geophysics and industrial process monitoring – electrical resistivity tomography. In analogy to EIT, surface electrodes are being placed on the earth, within bore holes, or within a vessel or pipe in ord reference

Full Form	Category
Electrical Resistivity Test	Academic & Science
Electronic Reporting Tool	Academic & Science
Electrical Resistance Tomography	Academic & Science
Electronic Registration and Titling	Academic & Science
Electronic Receiver Transmitter	Academic & Science
Electronic Registration and Title	Academic & Science
Erdenet	Airport Code
Exhibits Round Table	Business
Elliniki Radiophonia Tikleorassi ( Greek Broadcasting Organization)	Community
ESPN Regional Television	Community
Everyone Read To ....	Community
Early Transmit	Computing
Emergency Response Team	Computing
Extended Real Time	Computing
Edge Roller Technology	Computing
Encoder Receiver Transmitter	Electronics
Emergency Response Time	Electronics
Entirely Retiscent Torpor	General
Emergency Remote Teaching	General
Emergency Rescue Team	General
Encoder Receiver Transmitters	General
Evil Red Text	General
Early Response Team	General
Estimated Runtime The	General
Early Ride Time	General
Emission Reduction Target	General
Elizabeth River Tunnels	General
European Rally Trophy	General
Evaluation and Repair Tools	General
Emergency Roadside Telephone	General
Encoder Receiver and Transmitter	General
Emergency Response Technician	General
Episodes of Regime Transformation	General
Early Release Time	General
Eugene R Thomas	General
Eugene R Thompson	General
Exclusive Ride Time	General
Earliest Realization Time	General
Emotional Repolarization Technique	General
Early Ray Termination	General
Exclusive Raccoon Time	General
Endurance Run Test	General
Elite Ramming Team	General
eSports Rewards Token	General
ESports Reward Token	General
Estimated Repair Time	General
Empirical Roofline Tool	General
Energy Reduction Technique	Governmental
Evidence Response Team	Governmental
Extra Ride Time	Governmental
Environmental Review Tribunal	Governmental
Environmental Response Team	Governmental
Electronic Recycling Trading	Governmental
Environmental Remediation Technologies	Governmental
Electronic Recycling and Trading	Governmental
Energy Resources and Technologies	Governmental
Energy Research Triangle	Governmental
Environmental Research Tool	Governmental
Excess Retention Tax	Governmental
Unión Explosivos Río Tinto, S. A. Ertzaintza	International
Estrogen Replacement Therapy	Medical
Emergency Room Thoracotomy	Medical
Endogenous Reverse Transcription	Medical
Enzyme Replacement Therapy	Medical
Esophageal Radionuclide Transit	Medical
Estrogen Replacement Treatment	Medical
external (beam) radiotherapy	Medical
Emotion Reintegration Therapy	Medical
Execution Reference Time	Military and Defence
Emergency Response Team (fema)	Military and Defence
Engineer Reconnaissance Team	Military and Defence
European Round Table	Regional
European Register of Toxicologists	Regional
European Registered Toxicologist	Regional
Earth Received Time	Space Science
Eastern Region Tennis	Sports
East Riding Theatre	Sports
Enhanced Routing Technology	Technology