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The Juris Doctor degree (J.D. or JD), also known as Doctor of Law or Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D., JD, D.Jur., or DJur), is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. Although a graduate degree, the J.D. is the standard degree obtained to practice law in the United States because there is no 'law degree' at the undergraduate level. Indeed, in Australia, Canada, the United States, and some other common law countries, the Juris Doctor is earned by completing law school.
It has the academic standing of a professional doctorate (in contrast to a research doctorate) in the United States, where the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, U.S. Department of Education) discontinued the use of the term "first professional degree" as of its 2010-2011 data collection and now uses the term "doctor's degree - professional practice". It has the academic standing of a master's degree in Australia and a second-entry baccalaureate degree in Canada. In all three jurisdictions, it has the same standing as other professional degrees, such as the LL.B., as well as an M.D. / D.O. or D.D.S. / D.M.D., the degrees required to be a practicing physician or dentist, respectively. Although the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) was renamed J.D. in the United States, higher educational requirements render a J.D. superior to a LL.B. In fact, several USA jurisdictions do not consider a LL.B. sufficient to register for the Bar exam.
The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degrees, such as the Dottore in Giurisprudenza in Italy, and the Juris Utriusque Doctor in Germany and central Europe. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the scientific study of law, and first denominated LL.B., it is a degree that in most common law jurisdictions is the primary professional preparation for lawyers. It traditionally involves a three-year program, although some U.S. law schools offer a two- and a half year accelerated program in which students complete courses over two additional summer semesters. ABA Rules do not allow an accredited J.D. to be obtained in less than 2.5 years. The LL.B. was replaced by the J.D. in the U.S. in the later 20th century.
To be fully authorized to practice law in the courts of a given state in the United States, the majority of individuals holding a J.D. degree must pass a bar examination. The state of Wisconsin, however, permits the graduates of its two law schools to practice law in that state, and in its state courts, without having to take its bar exam – a practice called "diploma privilege" – provided they complete all courses required for the diploma privilege. Passing an additional bar exam is not required of lawyers authorized to practice in at least one state in the United States, to practice in some (but not all) of the national courts – courts commonly known as "federal courts". Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the federal court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a federal district court includes admission to the bar of its associated bankruptcy court. Patent courts however require a specialized "Patent Bar". In order to qualify for the patent bar, the applicant must hold a degree specialized in certain scientific fields, a J.D. alone is not sufficient.
referencePosted on 30 Sep 2024, this text provides information on Miscellaneous in Educational Degree related to Educational Degree. Please note that while accuracy is prioritized, the data presented might not be entirely correct or up-to-date. This information is offered for general knowledge and informational purposes only, and should not be considered as a substitute for professional advice.
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