The Choctaw (in the Choctaw language, Chahta) are a Native American people originally from Alabama and Mississippi in the Southeastern Woodlands. Their Choctaw language is a Western Muskogean language. Today, Choctaw people are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes: the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Jena Band of Choctaw Indians, and Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.
Choctaws first appear in written records in 1675. Their mother mound is Nanih Waiya, a great earthwork platform mound located in central-east Mississippi. Early Spanish explorers of the mid-16th century in the Southeast encountered Mississippian culture villages and chiefs.
The Choctaw coalesced as a people in the 17th century and developed at least three distinct political and geographical divisions: eastern, western, and southern. These different groups sometimes created distinct, independent alliances with nearby European powers. These included the French, based on the Gulf Coast and in Louisiana; the English of the Southeast and the Spanish of Florida and Louisiana during the colonial era.
Most Choctaw allied with the Americans during American Revolution, War of 1812, and the Red Stick War, most notably at the Battle of New Orleans. European-Americans considered Choctaws to one of the "Five Civilized Tribes." The Choctaw and the United States agreed to nine treaties. By the last three, the US gained vast land cessions. Despite not having waged war against the United States, the majority of Choctaw were forcibly relocated from thei eastern homelands from 1831 to 1833, as part of the Indian Removal to Indian Territory. The Choctaw government in Indian Territory had three districts, each with its own chief, who together with the town chiefs sat on their National Council.
By the 1831 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, those Choctaw who chose to stay in the newly formed state of Mississippi were to be considered state and U.S. citizens; they were one of the first major non-European ethnic groups to be granted citizenship. Article 14 in the 1830 treaty with the Choctaw stated Choctaws may wish to become citizens of the United States under the 14th Article of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on all of the combined lands which were consolidated under Article I from all previous treaties between the United States and the Choctaw.
During the American Civil War, the Choctaw in both Oklahoma and Mississippi mostly sided with the Confederate States of America.
Under late 19th-century Dawes Act and Curtis Act, the US federal government broke up tribal land holdings and dissolved tribal governments in order to extinguish Indian land claims and admit the Indian and Oklahoma territories as a state in 1907. From that period, the US-appointed chiefs of the Choctaw and other tribes in the former Indian Territory.
During World War I, Choctaw soldiers served in the US military as some of the first Native American codetalkers, using the Choctaw language. After the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Choctaw reconstituted their government. The Choctaw Nation had kept their culture alive despite years of pressure for assimilation.
The US federal government restored tribal recognition to the Mississippi Choctaw in 1945, the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma in 1971, and Jena Choctaw in 1995.
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