In cryptography, format-preserving encryption (FPE), refers to encrypting in such a way that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext). The meaning of "format" varies. Typically only finite sets of characters are used; numeric, alphabetic or alphanumeric. For example:
Encrypting a 16-digit credit card number so that the ciphertext is another 16-digit number.Encrypting an English word so that the ciphertext is another English word.Encrypting an n-bit number so that the ciphertext is another n-bit number (this is the definition of an n-bit block cipher).For such finite domains, and for the purposes of the discussion below, the cipher is equivalent to a permutation of N integers {0, ... , Nā1} where N is the size of the domain.
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