PLUTO meaning in Governmental ?

Answer: What is Pipe Line Under The Ocean mean?

Operation Pluto (Pipeline Under the Ocean or Pipeline Underwater Transportation of Oil, also written Operation PLUTO) was an operation by British engineers, oil companies and the British Armed Forces to construct submarine oil pipelines under the English Channel in support of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy during the Second World War.

The British War Office estimated that petrol, oil and lubricants (POL) would account for 60 per cent or more by weight of the supplies required by the expeditionary forces. Pipelines would reduce the reliance on coastal tankers, which could be affected by bad weather, were subject to air attack, and needed to be offloaded into vulnerable storage tanks ashore. A special kind of pipeline was required. Two types were developed: Hais and Hamel. Hais arose from a proposal originated by Clifford Hartley, the chief engineer with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, for a flexible pipe with a lead core that could be laid by a cable-layer ship. It was known as Hais after its developers, Hartley-Anglo-Iranian-Siemens, and was tested in December 1942 by running a cable pipeline across the Bristol Channel from Swansea to Watermouth. The design was so successful it was decided to upgrade it from 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6 cm) in diameter. Hamel pipe utilised readily available thin mild steel instead of scarce lead, and it had to be laid by special floating drums known as Conundrums. Most of the Hais pipe was manufactured in the United Kingdom, although some came from the United States; all of the Hamel pipe was made in the United Kingdom.

Camouflaged pumping stations were established at Sandown on the Isle of Wight, and at Dungeness on the Kent coast, which were connected to the Avonmouth-Thames pipeline. Two pipeline systems were laid: one, codenamed "Bambi", to Cherbourg and one, codenamed "Dumbo" to Boulogne. Deployment of the former commenced on 12 August 1944. It was not very successful, delivering only 3,300 long tons (3,400 t) between 22 September when the first successful Hais cable pipeline became operational, and 4 October, when the Bambi pipeline project was terminated. The Dumbo system was more successful. A Hais pipeline commenced pumping on 26 October, and remained in action until the end of the war. By December, nine 3-inch and two 2-inch Hamel pipelines and four 3-inch and two 2-inch Hais cable pipelines had been laid, a total of seventeen pipelines. The Dumbo system was shut down on 7 August 1945, by which time the pipelines had carried 180 million imperial gallons (820 million litres) of petrol. The Pluto pipelines were responsible for about 8 per cent of the deliveries of petroleum products from the United Kingdom to the Allied Expeditionary Force in North West Europe.

reference

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